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Journal of Sistan and Baluchistan Studies

Journal of Sistan and Baluchistan Studies

STUDY OF THE PROCESS AND REASONS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF QOBBEH SABZ IN KERMAN BASED ON THE RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOUNDINGS

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors
1 Department of Archaeology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Archaeology, Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Kerman, Iran
Abstract
The Qobbeh Sabz building in the historical context of Kerman was one of the relics of the Qutlugh-Khanids period in southeastern Iran and part of an extensive architectural complex including educational, religious, and mausoleum buildings in the city. Today, the only main porch of the Qutlugh-Khanids complex survives, and it is called the Qobbeh Sabz porch. During the Qajar period, a building was built in the southeastern corner of this porch as a Tekiyeh Qobbeh Sabz and still stands. One of the serious ambiguities about this Qutlugh-Khanids multipurpose complex is the process of its formation and historical course, as well as the reasons for its destruction. Accordingly, the present article studies the evidence from archaeological soundings in this complex. It analyzes the content of historical sources in order to answer these questions: What was the formation process, historical developments, and reasons for the destruction of the Qobbeh Sabz complex? What are the factors that caused its widespread destruction? However, some scholars have suggested the role of the 1896 earthquake in the widespread destruction of the complex. They believe that Qobbeh Sabz survived before this earthquake. The results of the second author's archeological soundings in 2020 and the analysis of historical texts by the method of "content analysis" showed that the process of extensive destruction of Qobbeh Sabz began some time ago, and probably some of these destructions consciously took place during the reign of Vakil al-Molk Nouri, ruler of Kerman from 1261 to 1284 AH. Based on these results, after the destruction of many parts of this multipurpose complex, part of its debris was scattered and leveled in the surrounding area. Another part of its debris was moved to another place - probably Qal’eh Dokhtar in Kerman - and then constructions took place in the Qobbeh Sabz area in the late Qajar period. Finally, the earthquake of 1896 caused damage to the last remnants of the Qutlugh-Khanids’s complex, the main dome.
Keywords

چکیده: بنای قبّه سبز در بافت تاریخی شهر کرمان، یکی از آثار دورة حاکمیت قراختائیان در جنوب شرقی ایران و بخشی از یک مجموعة معماری گسترده شامل بناهای آموزشی، مذهبی و آرامگاهی در این شهر بود. اما امروزه از آن مجموعة متعلق به عصر قراختایی، تنها ایوان اصلیِ بنا برجای مانده و به نام گنبدی که در پشت آن قرار داشته، سردر یا ایوان قبّه سبز نامیده می‌شود. در زمان قاجار در گوشة جنوب شرقی این ایوان، بنایی به عنوان تکیه قبّه سبز ساخته شد و تا امروز پابرجاست. یکی از ابهامات جدی درباره این مجموعة چندمنظورة قراختایی، روند شکل‌گیری، سیر تاریخی و همچنین دلایل تخریب آن است. بر این اساس، در مقاله حاضر به مطالعه شواهد باستان‌شناختی حاصل از گمانه‌زنی باستان‌شناسی در این مجموعه و تحلیل محتوای منابع اسنادی پرداخته شده تا بتوان بدین پرسش پاسخ داد که روند شکل‌گیری، سیر تاریخی و دلایل تخریب مجموعه قبّه سبز چگونه بوده و چه عواملی سبب تخریب گستردة آن شده است؟ اگرچه برخی پژوهشگران از نقش زمین لرزة سال ۱۲۷۶ خورشیدی در تخریب گستردة این مجموعه سخن گفته‌اند و به باور آنان، قبّه سبز تا قبل از این زمین‌لرزه پابرجا بوده، اما نتایج گمانه‌زنی‌های باستان‌شناسیِ نگارنده دوم در سال ۱۳۹۹ و تحلیل متون تاریخی به شیوه «تحلیل محتوا» نشان داد که روند تخریب گستردة قبّه سبز از زمانی پیشتر آغاز شده و احتمالاً بخشی از این تخریب‌ها به صورت آگاهانه، در زمان وکیل‌الملک نوری، حاکم کرمان در فاصلة سال‌های ۱۲۶۱ تا ۱۲۸۴ قمری صورت گرفته است. بر پایه این نتایج، پس از تخریب بخش‌های زیادی از این مجموعة چند منظوره، بخشی از آوار آن در محدودة پیرامون بنا پراکنده و تسطیح شده و بخش دیگری از آوار آن به مکانی دیگر ـ احتمالاً قلعه‌دختر کرمان ـ منتقل شده و سپس ساخت‌وسازهایی در دوره متأخر قاجار در محدودة قبّه سبز صورت گرفته است. در نهایت زمین لرزة سال ۱۲۷۶ خورشیدی، آسیب‌هایی بر آخرین بقایای مجموعه قراختائی یعنی گنبد اصلی وارد کرده است.

کلیدواژه: قبّه سبز، قراختایی، معماری قاجار، بافت تاریخی کرمان.

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Volume 2, Issue 1
June 2022
Pages 51-61

  • Receive Date 18 April 2022
  • Revise Date 19 May 2022
  • Accept Date 01 June 2022
  • Publish Date 20 June 2022