THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE ON THE COASTS OF CHABAHAR AND KONARAK DURING THE ISLAMIC ERA

Keikha, Leila; Amirhajloo, Saeed; Naseri, Reza

doi:10.22034/jsbs.2024.347399.1036

THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE ON THE COASTS OF CHABAHAR AND KONARAK DURING THE ISLAMIC ERA

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

Leila Keikha ¹

Saeed Amirhajloo ²

Reza Naseri ³

¹ PhD Student in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

² Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

³ Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

10.22034/jsbs.2024.347399.1036

Abstract

The diversity of climatic conditions has affected architecture and caused the formation of different types of architecture in Iran. The Makran area is a long plain on the northern shores of the Oman Sea and south of the Makran mountains in Sistan and Baluchistan province, which today includes two counties, Chabahar and Konarak. This area is considered warm and humid in terms of climate. In the present study, we investigate the natural and climatic causes affecting the formation and development of the architectural constructions on the Makran beaches, which appeared during the Islamic era. Therefore, in addition to the field method, documentary studies were used to collect information. First, the architectural samples of Makran beaches in the Islamic era were identified. Then thirteen instances were selected based on the building's architectural features, authenticity, and present condition. These buildings belong to the periods between the Seljuk dynasty and the late Pahlavi period. The questions are, what were the strategies used by the architects to deal with the risks and unfavorable climatic conditions and their environmental effects? What similarities and differences are there between the architecture of the Islamic era of the coasts of the Persian Gulf and Makran? How has been the architectural pattern(s) of Makran coasts influenced by climate? The results of the investigations indicate that Makran architects were fully aware of the limitations and considered climatic factors such as sunlight, wind, temperature, and humidity. In the construction of buildings, they have paid attention to choosing things such as the type of materials, the color of materials, the construction of the building on the platform, the orientation of the building, and the design of the plan in an extroverted manner. This has ensured the comfort of the residents. These architectural principles are more visible in residential and native buildings. However, in buildings with military and administrative use, probably due to the influence of political and cultural factors, such measures have been thought less.

Keywords

Islamic architecture

southeast of Iran

Makran coast

environment

چکیده: تنوع عوامل اقلیمی بر شکل‌گیری فضاهای معماری اثر گذاشته و سبب گوناگونی انواع معماری در ایران شده است. سواحل مکران جلگه طویلی در ساحل دریای عمان و جنوب کوه‌های مکران (استان سیستان و بلوچستان) است که امروزه دو شهرستان چابهار و کنارک را در بر میگیرد و از لحاظ اقلیمی جزء نواحی گرم و مرطوب محسوب می‌شود. در پژوهش حاضر به بررسی و شناسایی محرکهای طبیعی و اقلیمی مؤثر بر شکل‌گیری و توسعه معماری در سواحل مکران در دوران اسلامی پرداخته شده است. بنابراین افزون بر روش میدانی از مطالعات اسنادی برای گردآوری اطلاعات استفاده گردید. ابتدا آثار معماری سواحل مکران در دوران اسلامی شناسایی شده و سپس از میان آنها سیزده بنا بر اساس ویژگی‌های معماری، اصالت و سلامت بنا انتخاب شدهاند. این بناها براساس دورهی زمانی طبقه‌بندی شده است و دوره سلجوقی تا پهلوی را شامل می‌شوند. پرسش‌ها این است که راهکارهای مورد استفاده معماران به منظور مقابله با مخاطرات و شرایط نامساعد اقلیمی و تأثیرات محیط زیست چه بوده است؟ چه همسانیها و تفاوتهایی میان معماری دوران اسلامی سواحل خلیج فارس و مکران وجود دارد؟ الگو یا الگوهای حاکم بر سازه در معماری سواحل مکران تحت تأثیر اقلیم چگونه است؟ نتایج بررسی‌ها حاکی از آن است که معماران مکران با علم به محدودیتها و با در نظر گرفتن عوامل اقلیمی همچون تابش خورشید، باد، دما و رطوبت دست به ساخت و ساز بناها زده‌اند و در ساخت بناها به انتخاب مواردی همچون نوع مصالح، رنگ مصالح، ساخت بنا روی سکو، جهت‌گیری ساختمان و طراحی پلان به صورت برونگرا توجه داشته‌اند و همین امر سبب تأمین آسایش ساکنان شده است. این راهکارها در بناهای مسکونی و بومی بیشتر قابل مشاهده است. اما در بناهایی با کاربرد نظامی و اداری، احتمالاً به دلیل تأثیرپذیری از عوامل سیاسی و فرهنگی، چنین تدابیری کمتر اندیشیده شده است.

کلیدواژه: معماری اسلامی، جنوب شرق ایران، سواحل مکران، محیط زیست.

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