google-site-verification=mPlVZxFT00cp3wt61Vyp9f3WIbemYS89aj4HBoXqnpQ
Journal of Sistan and Baluchistan Studies

Journal of Sistan and Baluchistan Studies

IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND TYPOLOGY OF SILVER DIRHAMS OF THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE (MARVANIAN BRANCH) IN THE REPOSITORY OF THE REGIONAL MUSEUM OF SOUTHEAST IRAN (ZAHEDAN)

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
2 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
Abstract
During the reform period of Abdul Malik Ibn Marwan (65-86 AH), in 76 AH it was decided to replace Arab-Sasanian and Arab-Byzantine coins with a completely Islamic form. The first gold dinar was minted in Kufic script in 77 AH, and the first Islamic dirhams were minted in 78 AH. The minting of new dirhams spread rapidly, so that about a hundred mints minted these dirhams. The knowledge of numismatics can solve many historical mysteries. The period of the Umayyad caliphate was not free of historical uncertainties, so knowing the coins of this period is very important. There are 42 silver dirhams belonging to the Umayyad period, confiscated from antique smugglers, in the coin collection of the Southeast Regional Museum of Iran. This research focuses on these valuable coins' identification, classification, and typology. The descriptive framework of "Stephen Album" numismatics was used to carry out this research. This method was proposed for the first time in 2012 in Santa Rosa (California, USA) by the Stephen Album Rare Coins Institute and was welcomed by numismatists. Also, the abundance chart of each mint's coins in relation to the total number of coins is presented. The results show that the Umayyad silver dirhams of this collection were minted sporadically between 82 and 128 AH in Wasit, Basrah, Damascus, Merv, Darabgerd, and Kerman mints (in order of abundance).
Keywords

چکیده: پس از شروع اصلاحات عبدالملک­بن­مروان (۶۵-۸۶ ﮬ.ق)، در سال ۷۶ ﮬ.ق تصمیم بر جایگزنی سکه­‌های عرب ـ ساسانی و عرب ـ بیزانسی با فرمی کاملا اسلامی گردید؛ اولین دینار طلا با خطوط کوفی به سال ۷۷ ﮬ.ق ضرب گردید و از سال ۷۸ ﮬ.ق ضرب اولین درهم­‌های تراز اسلامی آغاز گردید. ضرب درهم‌­های جدید به سرعت گشترش یافت، تا جاییکه حدود صد ضرابخانه به ضرب این درهم­ها می‌­پرداختند. دانش سکه­‌شناسی می‌­تواند راهگشای بسیاری از ابهامات تاریخی باشد؛ دوره خلافت امویان نیز خالی از ابهامات تاریخی نبوده، به همین واسطه شناخت سکه­‌های این عصر از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. در مجموعه سکه‌­های موزه منطقه­‌ای جنوب شرق ایران، تعداد ۴۲ درهم نقره از دوران خلافت امویان که از قاچاقچیان عتیقه توقیف شده، موجود است. مسأله کانونی این پژوهش بر شناسایی، طبقه‌­بندی و گونه‌­شناسی این سکه‌­های ارزشمند قرار گرفت. برای انجام این پژوهش از قالب توصیفی سکه‌­شناسی «استیفن آلبوم» استفاده گردید؛ این شیوه برای اولین بار در سال ۲۰۱۲ در شهر سنت­رسا (کالیفرنیا، آمریکا) توسط موسسه «سکه­‌های کمیاب استیفن آلبوم» پیشنهاد گردید و پس از مورد استقبال سکه‌­شناسان قرار گرفت. در ادامه این پژوهش نیز از نمودار فراوانی نسبی برای میزان فراونی سکه­‌های هر ضرابخانه نسبت به کل سکه‌­ها استفاده گردید. برآیند این پژوهش مشخص ساخت که درهم­‌های نقره خلافت اموی این مجموعه، به صورت پراکنده بین سال‌­های ۸۲-۱۲۸ﮬ.ق و به ترتیب میزان فراوانی در ضرابخانه‌­های واسط (در عراق امروزی)، بصره، دمشق، مرو، دربجرد (دارابگرد)، و کرمان، به ضرب رسیده است.

کلیدواژه: دوره امویان، درهم نقره، سکه­‌شناسی، موزه بزرگ جنوب شرق ایران، استیفن آلبوم.

Abolfaraj-Esfahani, Ali Bin Hossein (Bita). Al-Ghani. Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Masriyyah (In Arabic).
Akhbar al-Dawlah al-Abassieh (1971). Edited by Abdul Aziz Dori and Abdul Jabbar Matlabi. Beirut: No place (In Arabic).
Azdi, Yazid bin Muhammad (1387 AH). History of Mosul Corrected by Ali Habiba. Cairo: No place (In Arabic).
Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad bin Yahya (1417 AH). Jamal men Ansab al-Ashraf. Edited by Sohail Zakar and Riyad Zarkali. Beirut: Dar Sader (in Arabic).
Album, S. (2011). Checklist of Islamic Coins. Third Editio., Santa Rosa: Stephen Album Rare Coins.
Album, S; Bates, M. L.; & Floor, W. (1993). Coins and Coinage. In Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. VI. ed. E. Yarshater. New York: Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 14-41.
Al-Saa’d, Z. (1999). Chemical Analysis of Some Umayyad Dirhams Minted at Wasit. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 42(3), 351-363.
Bates, M. L. (1986). History, Geography, and Numismatics in the First Century of Islamic Coinage. Manuscript of the author, published in Revue Suisse de Numismatique, -(65), 231-262.
Bates, M. L. (1987). Arab-Sasanian Coins. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. II. ed. E. Yarshater. New York: Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 225-229.
Bayhaqi, Ibrahim bin Muhammad (1961). Al-Mahasen and Al-Masawi. Edited by Muhammad Abulfazl Ibrahim. Cairo: No place (in Arabic).
DeShazo, A. S, & Bates, M. L. (1974). The Umayyad Governors of al-‘Iraq and the Changing Annulet Patterns on Their Dirhams. The Numismatic Chronicle. 14, 110-118.
Dhahabi, Muhammad bin Ahmad (1404 AH). Seir Elam al-Naba. Edited by Shoaib Arnaut and others. Beirut: Dar Sader (in Arabic).
Dhahabi, Muhammad bin Ahmad (1987). Tahrir al-Dirham va al-Mithqal va al-Ratl va al-Makiyal va Bayan Maghadir al-naghud Motedavel Bemisr. In Anastas Marie Karmeli (edited), Rasa'il fi al-Naqud al-Arabiyyah va al-Islamiyyah va 'Ilm al-Namiyat. second edition. Cairo: Al-Thaqaf al-Diniyah School. pp. 81-109.
El-Hibri, T. (1993). Coinage Reform under the ‘Abbasid Caliph al-Ma’mun. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 36(1), 58-83.
Grierson, Ph. (1960). The Monetary Reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik: Their Metrological Basis and Their Financial Repercussion. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 3(3), 241-264.
Ibn Asaker, Ali Ibn Hasan (1415 AH). History of the city of Damascus. Edited by Ali Shiri. Beirut: Dar al-Fakr (in Arabic).
Ibn Khayat, Khalifa (1967). The history of Khalifa bin Khayyat. Corrected by Sohail Zakar. Damascus: Dar Sader (in Arabic).
Ibn Manzoor, Muhammad bin Makram (1409 AH). A Brief History of Damascus by Ibn Asaker. Corrected by Ibrahim Saleh et al. Damascus: No place (in Arabic).
Ibn Saad, Muhammad (1960). Tabaqat al-Kabari. Beirut: Dar Sader (in Arabic).
Imam Shoushtari, Mohammad Ali (1960). History of Scales and Money in Islamic Government. Tehran: Danesh-saraye Aali (in Persian).
Jozi, Z., Masjedi Khak, P., & Nosrati, A. R. (2019). Elemental Analysis of Silver Coins during the Umayyads through the PIXE Method. Interdisciplinaria archaeologica: Natural Sciences in Archaeology, X(1), 83-94.
Klat, M. G. (2002). Catalogue of the Post-Reform Dirhams the Umayyad Dynasty. London: Spink.
Kufi, Ahmad bin Atham (1405 AH). Al-Futuh Edited by Muhammad bin Habib al-Manaq. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Alamiya.
Masoudi, Ali bin Hossein (1966). Morouj Tala. Corrected by Charles Pella. Beirut: Bi-ja.
Miles, G. C. (1975). Numismatics. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4. ed. R. N. Frye. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 364-377.
Moghrizi, Ahmad bin Ali (1987). Kitab al-Naqud al-Qadimiya al-Islamiyya. In Anastas Marie Karmeli (edited). Al-Naqud Al-Arabiyyah, Al-Islamiyya and Ilm al-Namiyat treatises. second edition. Cairo: Maktaba al-Thaqaf al-Diniyah, pp. 25-80 (In Arabic).
Morton & Eden. (23 Apr 2012). Important Coins of the Islamic World. Catalogue no. 54. London: Morton & Eden Ltd.
Nosrati, Alireza (2016). Study and Analysis of Umayyad and Abbasid Seized Coins of Southeast Iran Museum by PIXE Method. Master's thesis. Zahedan: Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchistan (unpublished) (in Persian).
Naqshbandi, Nasser al-Sayed Mahmud (1967). Al-Dirham al-Omavi al-Madroob Ali al-Taraz al-Islami. Baghdad: Press of the Iraqi Scientific Association (in Arabic).
Rezaie Baghbidi, Hassan (2014). Iranian coins in the Islamic period from the beginning to the rise of the Seljuks. Tehran: SAMT (in Persian).
Sears, S. D. (1997). A Monetary History of Iraq and Iran, Ca. CE 500 to 750, PhD Dissertation. Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Shams Eshraq, A. R. (2010). Silver Coinage of the Caliphs. Second Edition. London: Spink.
Shams Eshraq, Abdul Razzaq (1990). The first coins of the Islamic empire. Isfahan: Stock Cultural Services Office (in Persian).
Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir (1885). History of Rasul va Al-Muluk. Corrected by Mikhail Yan Dekhoye. Leiden: Brill (in Arabic).
Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir (Beta). The history of the nations and the kings. Edited by Muhammad Abulfazl Ibrahim. Beirut: Dar al-Trath (in Arabic).
Wellhausen, Julius (1376 AH). The Arab State and its downfalls. Translated by Yusuf Esh. Damascus: No place.
Yaqoubi, Ahmed bin Abi Yaqoob. (1969). Jacobean History. Edited by Martin Theodore Hutsma. Leiden: Brill.
Volume 4, Issue 1
June 2024
Pages 69-82

  • Receive Date 14 January 2024
  • Revise Date 06 April 2024
  • Accept Date 24 May 2024
  • Publish Date 20 June 2024