This study presents the first multi-analytical archaeometric investigation of red rock art pigments from three painted shelters in North Khorasan Province, Iran — Bash Mahalleh, Zeynekanlu, and Nargeslou, whose motifs span chronologically and stylistically distinct traditions from the Late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age to the Iron Age and historical periods. Nine pigment micro-samples (three per site) and one local geological red-earth reference were analyzed using SEM–EDS, micro-Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy. The results consistently identify hematite (α-Fe2O3) as the primary chromophore, confirming the use of natural iron-rich ochres across all studied sites. No alternative iron oxides or synthetic red pigments were detected. Microstructural data reveal dispersed pigment particles within a heterogeneous calcareous matrix, indicating the direct exploitation of local earth resources without advanced processing or intentional refinement. Furthermore, a ubiquitous calcium oxalate monohydrate patina was identified on the painted surfaces, suggesting secondary biogenic weathering or the degradation of ancient organic materials. Despite marked stylistic and chronological differences among the painted shelters, the mineralogical uniformity of the pigments suggests broadly similar technological choices, likely constrained by the regional availability of iron-rich earth resources, thereby providing the first archaeometric framework for interpreting pigment technology in northeastern Iranian rock art. While preliminary spectral data show similarities between the rock art pigments and the geological sample, definitive provenance attribution requires expanded trace-element sourcing.