EVOLUTION OF PATTERNS IN ARCHITECTURE OF SISTAN, EAST OF IRAN

Oveisi, Zohreh; Kavosh, Hosseinali

doi:10.22034/jsbs.2021.146219

EVOLUTION OF PATTERNS IN ARCHITECTURE OF SISTAN, EAST OF IRAN

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

Zohreh Oveisi ¹

Hosseinali Kavosh ²

¹ Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

² Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

10.22034/jsbs.2021.146219

Abstract

The Sistan Region in the East of Iran with more than 900 villages and a history of five thousand years is one of the most important areas in Iran. Since pre-historic (Shahr-i Sokhta) so far, as well as specific climatic conditions, and economic and social structure governing it, Sistan has led to the formation of unique kinds of architecture within. However, so far, little research and scientific studies have been done on the architecture of the Sistan Region, which is mostly done by archaeologists who study other aspects of human civilization, such as pottery, effigy, and dozens of other human hand works, and the Sistan architecture has been just introduced and mentioned. However, during the study by the authors on this structure, it became evident that the architecture of Sistan had a structural discontinuity and chaos before and after Islam. In this study, a brief study was done on the historical evolution of architecture in Sistan from prehistory to the Qajar era based on the remaining buildings. The Sistan pre-Islamic architecture includes the architecture of Shahr-i Sokhta, Dahan-e Gholaman, and Khajeh Mount are great glory. They have remained steadfast and shining. Also, in the writings of Islamic historians and foreign travelers, a lot of Islamic places and cities in Sistan have been named that a large part of them are gone, and currently, examples of these architectures, such as the old city of Zahedan, Rostam Castle, Sekoheh Castle, have remained in the Sistan area, Iran. The result shows that during pre-historic and historical periods, Sistan had great architectural sites, such as Shahr-i Sokhta, Dahan-e Ghulaman, and Khajeh Mount, which can influence the all territory of Iran.

Keywords

Sistan

Architectural history

Castle

City

Helmand River

چکیده: سیستان در شرق ایران با بیش از ۹۰۰ روستا و سابقه سکونت دائم پنج هزار ساله از شهر سوخته تاکنون و همچنین شرایط اقلیمی خاص و ساختار معیشتی و اجتماعی حاکم بر آن، باعث شده است که گونه‌های منحصر بفردی از معماری در آن شکل بگیرد. اما تاکنون پژوهش‌ها و مطالعات علمی اندکی در خصوص معماری سیستان صورت گرفته است و این بررسی‌ها بیشتر توسط باستان‌شناسان که جنبه‌های دیگر تمدن انسانی از قبیل سفال، پیکرک و ده‌ها اثر دیگر انسانی را مطالعه می‌کنند، انجام و به معماری سیستان نیز در حد شناسایی و معرفی پرداخته شده است. با این همه در خلال مطالعه صورت گرفته توسط نگارنده‌گان بر روی این معماری، آشکار گردید که معماری سیستان در قبل و بعد از اسلام از یک گٌسست و آشفتگی ساختاری برخوردار است. در این پژوهش به مطالعه مختصری از سیر تحول تاریخ معماری در سیستان از پیش از تاریخ تا عصر قاجار بر اساس بناهای باقی‌مانده پرداخته شده است. معماری قبل از اسلام سیستان، معماری شهر سوخته، دهانه غلامان و کوه خواجه را شامل می‌شود که از شکوه و عظمت زیادی برخوردار است، به گونه‌ای که پس از گذشت چندین هزار سال از عمر این بناها همچنان استوار مانده و می‌درخشند. همچنین در نوشته‌های مورخین اسلامی و سیاحان و مامورین خارجی از اماکن و شهر‌های اسلامی زیادی در سیستان نام برده شده است که بخش زیادی از آنها از بین رفته و هم اکنون نمونه‌هایی از این معماری از قبیل شهر زاهدان کهنه، قلعه رستم، قلعه مچی (قلعچه) و سکوهه در بخش سیستان ایران باقی‌مانده است.

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